Applying the transtheoretical model to cancer screening behavior.

OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive review of published research on the application of the transtheoretical model (TTM) to cancer screening behavior. METHODS Studies were categorized by design, given an internal validity rating where appropriate, and rated. RESULTS Forty-two studies were reviewed. Stage-matched mammography interventions were supported; however, the body of literature was of limited size. Research on the TTM as it applies to other cancer screenings is sparse. CONCLUSIONS Stage-of-change and decisional balance appear to apply to mammography. More validation research is needed on the application of the TTM to all cancer screening behaviors.